Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Alternate Nomenclature:AAH69298 Thyroid stimulating hormone beta, TSHbeta.

The pituitary hormones, luteinizing hormone (lutropin, LH)  and follicle stimulating hormone (follitropin, FSH) as well as related placental hormones, chorionic gonadotropin and CG, are referred to as gonadotropic hormones because of their action on gonad cells.   These three hormones are structurally related to each other as well as to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).  Because of their similar structure and composition and glycoprotein nature, LH, TSH, GC and FSH, these hormones are referred to as glycoprotein hormones.  All these hormones are heterodimeric in nature composed of two un-identical subunits, alpha and beta which are non-covalently associated,  Among humans and other species, the Alpha subunit is identical for all these hormones and is coded by a single gene, where is beta subunits are distinct but homologous and arise from separate genes. The individual hormone subunits and peptides derived from them have shown some binding activities to their respective receptors, the association of alpha and beta subunits clearly is required for optimal activation and physiological responses elicited by these hormones.  Within the heterodimeric hormones, the beta subunit confers the binding activity to its respective receptor.  The LH and CG beta subunits have 85% sequence identity in their first 114 amino acids, the LH/CG receptors can recognize either of the pituitary LH or placental CG hormones. 

The alpha and beta subunits of TSH, LH, CG and FSH are highly glycosylated (1).  The alpha subunit has two N-linked oligosdaccharide chain at position 52 and 78 and beta subunits have one in LH and TSH and two in CG and FSH.  The CG beta subunit also has an extension of serine O-linked carbohydrates at carboxyl end which help is plasma half like of CG compared to other glycohormone beta subunits.  The N-linked oligosaccharides on FSH are sialylated whereas LH and TSH are sialylated and sulfated.  There are 10-12 cysteins forming 3 disulfide bonds referred to as “cystine knots” in each of the beta subunits of these hormones which are conserved in various species.  Adenohypophyseal gonadotroph cells synthesize and secrete LH and FSH under independent regulatory controls and their release by pituitary is positively regulated by hypothalamic decapeptide gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and is negatively regulated by feedback effects of gonadal steroids and gonadal, peptide inhibin, a peptide produced in testis and ovaries in response to FSH  (2).  Both males and females synthesize and secrete FSH and LH by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary.  In females progesterone and estrogen inhibit LH and FSH release.  The action of LH and CG are carried out by LH/CG receptors and FSH effects are by independent FSH receptors with GPCR associated 7TMDs.

The TSH-selective antibodies were generated against peptide form unique region near of human TSH sequences corresponding to region that is common in many species but this peptide sequence is not present in other proteins.  FabGennix Inc. has generated rabbit anti-TSH epitope-specific antibodies utilizing linear and cyclic peptide methodology.  The Anti-TSH antibodies have been fully characterized for cross reactivity with other species TSH molecules and with cellular proteins using Western blot analyses.  The TSH antibody is also available as FITC-conjugate, other conjugates can be ordered at a nominal charge.  FabGennix International Inc., has produced antibodies to several other pituitary hormones, for a complete listing please visit www.FabGennix.com.  These and other antibodies, reagents and kits are now available for sale via our worldwide distribution centers.  FabGennix Int. Inc., also provide western blot positive controls and antigenic blocking peptide for this antibody.  Please inquire for pricing and availability. 

Immunogen: Synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids (flm sml fgl acg qam sfc ip and ctk pqk gcp lhv apy fsy pav lsc ) form human TSH beta chain. The peptides were covalently modified to achieve desired antigenicity before coupling to carrier protein.

Concentration:     TSH-101AP and TSH-112AP           IgG concentration 0.61-0.65 mg/ml in antiobdy stabilization buffer. 

                          FITC-TSH                   IgG concentration 0.63-0.69mg/ml (Please inquire for exact lot concentration)

Applications:  Antibodies TSH-101AP, TSH-112AP or FITC-TSH1/2 are ideal for IHC applications, dot blotting and ELISA applications.  Application of these antibodies in other methodologies (confocal, Biacore etc., ) has not been tested.  The dilutions for this antibody is for reference only, investigators are expected to determine optimal conditions for specific assay.  WB;  n.d; IMM & i.p pull-down assays:>n.d.  IHC 1:250and ELISA 1:50,000 in diluObuffer (Cat # FGI-1963)  Application of this antibody in protocols not listed here does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. It is highly recommended that user titrate and the use of this antibody in a particular application with positive and negative controls.  

Reactivity:      This antibody labels gonadotrophs in pituitary sections.  The antibody does not react to other cellular proteins that are tested during characterization of this antibody.

Protocols:        General information on this antibody is provided in the specification sheet, all standard protocols for various applications (WB, IMM and IHC) of this or other catalog antibodies can be obtained by calling our technical support line.  FabGennix strongly recommends that investigators standardized the optimal conditions for their applications.

Immunogen:        Synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids (flm sml fgl acg qam sfc ip and ctk pqk gcp lhv apy fsy pav lsc ) form human TSH beta chain. The peptides were covalently modified to achieve desired antigenicity before coupling to carrier protein.

Concentration:     TSH-101AP and TSH-112AP           IgG concentration 0.61-0.65 mg/ml in antiobdy stabilization buffer.  FITC-TSH                 IgG concentration 0.63-0.69mg/ml (Please inquire for exact lot concentration)

Applications:        Antibodies TSH-101AP, TSH-112AP or FITC-TSH1/2 are ideal for IHC applications, dot blotting and ELISA applications.  Application of these antibodies in other methodologies (confocal, Biacore etc., ) has not been tested.  The dilutions for this antibody is for reference only, investigators are expected to determine optimal conditions for specific assay.  WB;  n.d; IMM & i.p pull-down assays:>n.d.  IHC 1:250and ELISA 1:50,000 in diluObuffer (Cat # FGI-1963)  Application of this antibody in protocols not listed here does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. It is highly recommended that user titrate and the use of this antibody in a particular application with positive and negative controls.  

Reactivity:            This antibody labels gonadotrophs in pituitary sections.  The antibody does not react to other cellular proteins that are tested during characterization of this antibody.

Protocols:              General information on this antibody is provided in the specification sheet, all standard protocols for various applications (WB, IMM and IHC) of this or other catalog antibodies can be obtained by calling our technical support line.  FabGennix strongly recommends that investigators standardized the optimal conditions for their applications.